There is probably no large urban area in the world that better illustrates the continuing dispersion of urban population and declining urban population density than Jakarta. Recently released 2010 census data indicates over the past decade that 84 percent of the metropolitan area (Jabotabek) population growth occurred in the suburbs (Note 1). This continues a trend which saw more than 75 percent of growth in the suburbs between 1971 and 2000 (Figure 1).
Savannah State University (Georgia) Professor Deden Rukmana notes that this trend includes “many moderate and high-income families” who left the central city for better amenities while many poor people moved out to the fringe areas to escape what might be seen in the West as gentrification .
The Megacity: Jabotabek: Jakarta is one of only a few world megacities (over 10 million) that have changed their names in recognition of their regional rather than core city focus (this sentence corrected from original). The most recent megacity with a new name is Mexico City, now referred to as the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México). Other examples are Tokyo-Yokohama (Kanto) and Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto (Keihansh1n). Jakarta’s changed name, Jabotabek, represents an acronym made up of the beginning letters of the municipality of Jakarta and the three adjacent regencies (subdivisions of provinces), Bogor, Tangerang and Bekasi (Note 3). Jabotabek is one of the fastest growing megacities in the world and is experiencing accelerated growth. This is in contrast to the situation identified by the McKinsey Global Institute, which noted the declining growth rates of most megacities. In 2000, Jabotabek had a population of approximately 20.6 million, which by 2010 had risen to 28.0 million or 36 percent, nearly doubling its rate of population from the 1990s. Jabotabek’s additional 7.4 million people is nearly equal to that of London (Greater London Authority), nearly as large as the city of New York and more people than live in the entire Greater Toronto area. In 2000, Jabotabek had a population of approximately 20.6 million, which by 2010 had risen to 28.0 million (Figure 2).
Jabotabek’s unexpectedly high growth was greater than the 6.6 million added in both the Shanghai and Manila regions over the same period and above the 5.8 million increase in the Beijing region. The percentage growth in Shanghai and Beijing was slightly higher than in Jabotabek and slightly lower in Manila. The megacities of the United States, Western Europe and Japan have all fallen back to growth rates of less than five percent per decade (Tokyo-Yokohama, New York, Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Los Angeles and Paris).
Population Trends by Sector: Population growth and rates are indicated in the table for the sectors of Jabotabek and the constituent jurisdictions.
| Jakarta Region (Jabotabek) | ||||
| Population by Sector: 2000-2010 | ||||
|
2000
|
2010
|
Change
|
% Change
|
|
| Core: Jakarta | 8.36 | 9.59 | 1.23 | 15% |
| Inner Suburbs (Municipalities) | 4.94 | 7.23 | 2.30 | 47% |
| Tangerang | 1.33 | 1.80 | 0.47 | 36% |
| Tangerang Selatan | 0.80 | 1.30 | 0.50 | 63% |
| Depok | 1.14 | 1.75 | 0.61 | 53% |
| Bekasi | 1.66 | 2.38 | 0.71 | 43% |
| Outer Suburbs & Exurbs | 7.30 | 11.20 | 3.90 | 53% |
| Bogor (Municipality) | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.20 | 27% |
| Bogor (Regency) | 2.92 | 4.78 | 1.86 | 64% |
| Tangerang (Regency) | 2.02 | 2.84 | 0.82 | 41% |
| Bekasi (Regency) | 1.62 | 2.63 | 1.01 | 63% |
| Jabotabek: Total | 20.60 | 28.02 | 7.42 | 36% |
| Population in millions | ||||
City of Jakarta: The core city of Jakarta is the "Special Capital Region" of Indonesia, similar to the District of Columbia in the United States, the Distrito Federal in Mexico or the Capital Federal in Argentina. This core of Jakarta grew 15 percent and added more than 1.2 million population, rising from 8.36 million in 2000 to 9.59 million in 2010, a turnaround from a loss of nearly 500,000 people between 1995 and 2000. The city of Jakarta captured 16 percent of metropolitan area growth and now accounts for 34 percent of the population of Jabotabek (Figures 3, 4 & 5).
Inner Suburbs: The inner suburbs, which are made up for the purposes of this article by the municipalities of Bekasi, Tangerang, Depok and Tangerang Selatan (South Tangerang) grew 47 percent during the 2000, from 4.94 million to 7.23 million. These inner suburban municipalities captured 31 percent of the metropolitan area growth and now have 26 percent of the population of Jabotabek (Figures 3, 4 & 5).
Outer Suburbs and Exurbs: The outer suburbs and exurbs (Note 2) experienced the greatest growth, at 53 percent, rising from 7.30 million to 11.20 million. For the first time, the outer suburbs surpassed the core with the largest population. The outer suburbs and exurbs accounted for 53 percent of the metropolitan area growth and now have 40 percent of the population of Jabotabek (Figures 3, 4 & 5).
Urban Area: The substantial growth of Jabotabek occurred principally in the urban area (the area of continuous development or the agglomeration). It appears likely that the urban area population will exceed 24 million (Note 4). It thus seems likely that the Jakarta urban area will again be ranked as the second largest in the world, following Tokyo-Yokohama. Jakarta had been displaced by Delhi (and Seoul-Incheon), for which United Nations 2010 estimates had indicated higher than anticipated population growth as Delhi passed Mumbai to become the largest in India.
Overall, the Jakarta urban area has a population density of approximately 22,000 per square mile or approximately 8500 per square kilometer. Yet the overall density of the Jakarta urban area has declined as population has moved to the outer suburbs which have a population density only one third that of the city of Jakarta. The inner suburbs have a population density that is only two thirds that of the city of Jakarta (Figures 6 and 7).
Despite this, the Jakarta urban area is much denser than most large urban areas in the high income world. Overall, the Jakarta urban area is approximately 2.5 times as dense as the Paris urban area, more than three times as dense as the Los Angeles urban area, and approximately seven times as dense as the Portland urban area. Other urban areas in the developing world are even denser: Delhi is more than 1.5 times as dense as Jakarta, Mumbai more than three times as dense and Dhaka is more than four times.
Informal housing, city of Jakarta (photo by author)
A Larger Metropolitan Area? This continuing population growth could cause Jabotabek to expand even further. Indonesia’s President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) has proposed expanding the metropolitan area to include the regencies of Karawang, Serang, Purwakarta and Sukabumi as well as the municipalities of Serang, Sukabumi and Cilegon. Already, Jakarta’s continuous urbanization nearly reaches the Karawang urban area to the east (population over 600,000) and is nearing Serang regency to the west. SBY’s "Greater Jakarta" has a population approaching 36 million according to the 2010 census. Further pressure on suburban growth could be generated by plans in Jakarta to limit the core city’s population to 12 million.
Yet even so it may take some decades, before Jakarta, or perhaps Delhi, could pass Tokyo-Yokohama’s nearly 37 million people to become the world’s largest urban area, assuming that they do not experience the reduced population growth so widespread in other megacities.
———
Notes:
1. Caution should be used in making comparisons of metropolitan areas, especially between nations. There is virtually no consistency in the delineation of metropolitan areas between nations. In some cases, such as Japan, the United States, France and Canada, Metropolitan areas are based upon commuting patterns, but even between these nations there is no consistency.
2. For the purposes of this article, suburbs are inside the urban area, but outside the central city (Jakarta). Exurbs are the portions of the metropolitan area (Jabotabek) outside the urban area.
3. The provinces of Indonesia and the state of Virginia are subdivided similarly. In Virginia, all of the land area is divided into municipalities or counties. In the provinces of Indonesia, all of the land area is divided into municipalities (kota) and regencies (kapupaten). The regencies are further divided into sub-districts (kecamatan). Jabotabek is located in three provincial level jurisdictions, the Special Capital District of Jakarta, and the provinces of West Java (Java Barat) and Bantan. West Java has a population of 43 million, approximately 6,000,000 more than the largest state in the United States, California. Banten is bordered on the west by the Sunda Strait, location of Krakatoa, the volcano.
Further, the name Jabotabek may not survive. As municipalities (Note 3) were carved out of the regencies in the 1990s and 2000s, the megacity was called Jabodetabek by some and proposed additions to the metropolitan area could bring even more variations. Inconsistent and alternative names probably make likely that sources will continue to call the megacity "Jakarta."
4. This urban area population is much larger than reported by the United Nations, which for Indonesian urban areas limits its estimates to the jurisdiction of the core city, and thus excludes suburbs. As is generally the case throughout the world, the continuous urbanization of Indonesian urban generally areas extends far beyond core cities.
—–
Photograph: Luxury housing in Cileungsi sub-district, Bogor regency (outer suburbs), by author
Wendell Cox is a Visiting Professor, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris and the author of “War on the Dream: How Anti-Sprawl Policy Threatens the Quality of Life”
Comments
29 responses to “The Evolving Urban Form: Jakarta (Jabotabek)”
There is probably no large urban area in the world that better illustrates the continuing dispersion of urban population and declining urban population density than Jakarta. Recently released 2010 census data indicates over the past decade read Noblesse manga that 84 percent of the metropolitan area (Jabotabek) population growth occurred in the suburbs (Note 1). This continues a trend which saw more than 75 percent of growth in the suburbs between 1971 and 2000 (Figure 1).
Savannah bleach watch State University (Georgia)
The city of Jakarta captured 16 percent of metropolitan area growth and now accounts for 34 percent of the population of Jabotabek…. cell phone spy software
cell phone listening
Naprawdę doceniam tego rodzaju tematy, pisać tutaj. Dziękujemy za dzielenie się z nami wielki obligacje informacje, które są naprawdę pomocne. Dzień dobry!
This is a good post. This post gives truly quality information. I’m definitely going to look into it. Really very useful tips are provided here. Thank you so much. Keep up the good works.
energy watch
Great information, better still to find out your blog that has a great layout. Nicely done
http://ibcbet.com.co
Thank you again for all the knowledge you distribute,Good post. I was very interested in the article, it’s quite inspiring I should admit. I like visiting you site since I always come across interesting articles like this one.Great Job, I greatly appreciate that.Do Keep sharing! Regards,
Dog Magazine
you are in reality a excellent webmaster. The website loading pace is incredible. It seems that you’re doing any distinctive trick. Also, The contents are masterpiece. you have performed a wonderful task on this subject!
Destin Jean Website
I found this is an informative and interesting post so i think so it is very useful and knowledgeable. I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article.
http://www.avsservice.be
I am really like it very much for the interesting info in this blog that to this website is providing the wonderful info in this blog that to utilize the great technology in this blog.
SEO packages
This is great! It really shows me where to expand my blog. I think that sometime in the future I might try to write a book to go along with my blog, but we will see.Good post with useful tips and ideas.
high Pagerank Backlinks
Hi my friend! I wish to say that this post is amazing, nice written and include approximately all important infos. I would like to see more posts like this pr5 backlink
I was waiting for this type article and I have gained some useful information from this site. Thanks for sharing this information. Manual Directory Submission manual social bookmarking
Hey! Just wanted to drop by and comment on how awesome this post of yours is! Thanks! Phen375 Reviews
Do you have tricky weight loss or nutrition questions you’ve always wanted to know the answer to? If you read 5 Gears Diet send an email to Diana Artene now and she help you drive on the fat loss bumpy roads! easy diet
this is the most uninformative crap i have ever read
i am so upset that these little failed-abortion students have to read this stupid stuff on india
nobody even cares about inderaye
tom delonge is god
bill clinton is awesome
sandy hook didnt happen
I have been searching the Internet for fun and came upon your website. Fabulous post.
http://www.rebelmouse.com/girlfriendactivationreview/
If You want the most efficient heating and air conditioning units for your house or home.The Tulsa area heating and air conditioning repair and installation services is a very competitive industry competitive at every level from manufacturing the products and parts through the actual consumption of those products by Oklahoma homes and businesses. heating and air tulsa
A very awesome blog post. We are really grateful for your blog post. You will find a lot of approaches after visiting your post. I was exactly searching for. Thanks for such post and please keep it up. taquarius ford
Home renovation should not be taken lightly since it can be a serious commitment and a huge decision. Home renovation not only boosts the value of the home, but also improves the home appeal drastically and renders it a much comfortable place to live. May we introduce you to the marvels and pure awesomeness of a home renovation! renovation-works.co.uk
Beautifying and modernizing the home is certainly very satisfying and instantly improves on the function and market value of the property, especially if the work is completed in the kitchen or bathroom area. Are you looking for a home renovation visit servicesaberdeen.co.uk
The house is one of the most valuable possessions a person can have. Home renovation should not be taken lightly since it can be a serious commitment and a huge decision. If you find yourself in need of kitchen fittings to take care of your endless and in the case of typically polish conditions Visit homerenovation.me.uk
Wedding day is a very special moment in our life, so it is nothing surprising that we want to remember it as long as possible. I’m a photographer by profession and I work all around Europe, but I’m based in Ireland. In my photos, I try to capture the magic moments of life, those funny, sad and intimate moments that turn photographs into memories. blog-photographer.com
This was really an interesting topic and I kinda agree with what you have mentioned here! CEO skill gap management leadership principles
Wedding is one of the most wonderful days for women and also for men. Wedding photos are largely a part of this very special day. It’s the day of big celebration and beautiful moments. May we introduce you to the professional services and cost efficiency of a wedding photographer dublin visit at http://weddingphotosdublin.com
Weddings are occasions that every individual will treasure for a lifetime. This happens only once in a persons’ life, a dream come true. Wedding photos are largely a part of this very special day. As the photographer, you shouldn’t miss even a single detail. For more information please visit Dublin Photographer http://photographerdublin.eu
The wedding day is fast paced and will be remembered in blurred moments by the couple. One of the best investments is a photographer for a wedding. A photographer will capture all the special moments and memories from the day so it can be remembered forever. Try us. http://weddpassion.com
A wedding is an event where you need to take care of numerous things but then there are few things on the list that you cannot compromise with. Hiring a wedding photographer is indeed on the list. It is an important day and hence you will like to capture some memories for life. Only a professional can produce sharp, precise, clear, and timely photos of the function. Try us. http://photographer-carrier.com
Two of the most important parts of your home is your bedroom and dining room. These are the places where you and your family spend moments together in the comfort of the place itself and your presence. That is why it is essential when you purchase bedroom furniture or dining room furniture is that you are comfortable with and it matches your taste. Mebleskandynawskie is an online only store that makes quality furniture, affordable, and easy to buy. http://www.mebleskandynawskie.com.pl
I enjoyed reading your post and found it to be informative and to the topic. Thank you for not rambling on and on just to fill the page. Thanks.. srodekmiasta.pl
A very awesome blog post. We are really grateful for your blog post. You will find a lot of approaches after visiting your post. I was exactly searching for. Thanks for such post and please keep it up. Great work. wsdg.pl
To absolutely appreciate the practical knowledge and amazing skills Davied has to give, it is beneficial to summarize his complex and far-reaching calling. Katalog Tawerna Tabaka
Really appreciate this wonderful post that you have provided for us.Great site and a great topic as well i really get amazed to read this. Its really good. missobiektywupw.pl
Thanks for sharing an excellent article! That is certainly very worthwhile I adore reading that I’m always searching for informative information such as this skleptemplatki.pl
Awesome work, man! Such an interesting and nice article to read. Really good! This article provides me with such information that I couldn’t have found anywhere else. Thank you very much for this! psychoterapiaprocesu.pl
You place the all wonderful landmarks which are all people getting interested. but yes that is certainly right, i agree. everything you could mention is create a sense. Katalog Suzukownia