New Geography

Author: admin

  • LA Area – Average Travel Time to Work, 2005

  • Ali Modarres

  • The Zero at Ground Zero

    The terrorists who attacked the World Trade Center on 9-11-01 were striking a blow—a devastating one they hoped–at what they saw as the heart of capitalism and free markets in the United States. But in the aftermath of the attack, what the rest of the world saw was a wounded but game city that quickly pulled itself up off the mat–from the rapid return of the New York Stock Exchange, located just a few blocks from Ground Zero, to the speedy work of putting the city’s essential systems back on line and getting companies back to business.

    But even as New York rebounded, a strange, parallel storyline emerged in the planning to rebuild on Ground Zero. Less inspiring, the themes of that story were resignation, a lack of faith in free markets, and a perplexing willingness to capitulate to those who would destroy the institutions that are at the heart of our democratic capitalism. There are many players in this parallel storyline, from urban planners who saw the wholesale destruction as an unprecedented opportunity to shape 16 acres of prime city real estate into their version of the 21st century city, which didn’t include a return of commerce, to advocacy groups who viewed the site (and the promise of billions of dollars in federal aid) as an opportunity to advance agendas for everything from subsidized housing to a kind of super urban arts community.

    Unfortunately, too many political and business leaders lent credibility to this parallel story line. “America’s Mayor,” Rudy Giuliani, whose own actions had been so heroic on 9-11, seemed so consumed by the grief that, quoting from Lincoln’s Gettysburg address, he called for the entire site to become “hallowed ground” free from commerce. His successor, the businessman mayor Michael Bloomberg, displaying a pessimism about the future of the city’s economy that was astonishing in an elected official, argued that Lower Manhattan’s days as a commercial venue were numbered and the site should be given over to residential building. John Whitehead, the respected former chairman of Goldman Sachs tapped by New York Gov. George Pataki to head the rebuilding effort, seemed seduced by the far-fetched schemes of planners and wound up advocating that the site become the center of a tourism district revolving around 9-11–a proposal that smacked of turning Ground Zero into a Disneyland of Death.

    All of these voices, and others, have conspired to give us what we have now, which is a site where, approaching seven years after the attack, all one can see for the most part are a bunch of cranes and other machinery moving around dirt. On Monday, the latest report on “progress” at Ground Zero (and one can only use that word in parentheses when referring to the WTC site) noted that virtually all of the work there is behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget.

    The mismanagement of the site has produced a design for a new transit station that is so expensive and impractical to build that even with a $2 billion budget, it can’t be constructed, and probably never will. Meanwhile, the so-called “iconic” Freedom Tower, conceived with no practical commercial purpose in mind so that it will be occupied mostly by government agencies, is a year behind schedule. The construction of the 9-11 memorial dubbed Reflecting Absence–an elaborate but vapid design that commemorates nothing except the absence of those who died that day (with barely even a special nod to the police and fire officers who gave their lives to save others)–is also behind schedule after cost estimates doubled beyond the original $500 million projections. It’s now nearly certain that the memorial, reengineered to be on budget, will not open by the 10th anniversary of the attacks, while memorials at the Pentagon and in Shanksville, Pa., are already completed. One component of the Ground Zero memorial, an accompanying museum dubbed the International Freedom Center, won’t ever open. The redevelopment team shelved it because its content was so controversial.

    At this point, the only commerce taking place on the former site of the World Trade Center is in the rebuilt 7 World Trade, which sat to the north of the twin towers and also collapsed that day. Owned by the developer Larry Silverstein, 7 World Trade was never part of the original 16-acre Ground Zero site controlled by the Lower Manhattan Development Corp., and so Silverstein was free to move quickly to rebuild without government intrusion. Shovels hit the ground in May of 2002, and the new, 52-story tower opened in spring of 2006. It boasts more than 1 million square feet of leased space to blue-chip tenants like ABN AMRO, Ameriprise Financial, and Moody’s Corp.

    Silverstein should be something of a champion of Ground Zero. Through all of the talk about abandoning commerce at the site and all of the political infighting and pie-in-the-sky planning, he was crucial in fighting to ensure that the 16-acre site didn’t simply become parkland, or housing. A year ago he told me, “The financial center’s locomotive was the World Trade Center, and for the sustenance of the city and the region, we need to get those jobs back.” In addition to 7 World Trade, Silverstein has the right to develop three other towers on Ground Zero, although he’s had to wait for the agency controlling redevelopment to design a site plan and do the foundation work for the towers.

    For his efforts, Silverstein hasn’t been celebrated, but demonized. The Vice Chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which controls the site, called him “greedy” for his tough negotiations with potential tenants of 7 World Trade, which dragged out the announcement of some leases. Mayor Bloomberg accused him of asking too much to lease up 7 World Trade—as if our politicians should be setting office leasing rates. One of the city’s tabloids, the Daily News, responded to Silverstein’s defense of himself with the headline Butt Out, Larry.

    Yet in the end, Silverstein has given us the only real progress at Ground Zero. And he’s constructing the real memorial down there, the return of the marketplace on the site where the terrorists eradicated it. To achieve that, it isn’t Silverstein or the free market that should be butting out.

    This article is courtesy of RealClearMarkets.com

    Steven Malanga is an editor for RealClearMarkets and a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute

  • Attracting American Companies to Canada

    A few days ago I received in the mail the latest issue of Area Development. I really enjoy this magazine with its rankings on the cities with the best business climate and articles on how to attract skilled workers. As an academic whose research deals with how to attract and retain top-quality workers, I cannot help but enjoy this magazine.

    This time Area Development came with a 40-page glossy pamphlet called Location Canada. It was filled with colorful pictures of downtowns, industrial parks and happy workers. What a great idea, I thought. This is the perfect readership.

    But I wonder how many readers or companies would be attracted by these happy scenes. First there’s the issue of politics. It is no secret that Canada is a center-left country. The only right-wing folks are mostly concentrated in the Province of Alberta— which is also the fastest growing economy in the nation. True, Conservatives ran the country for about a decade in the 80s and have run a minority Government since last year. But most American conservatives would find ours a bit too liberal. Although the Conservatives may be against abortion, they will have to accept gay rights, strong gun regulations, universal health care and multiculturalism (as opposed to the melting pot). So this could be a major turn-off for most American conservatives willing to give it a try in Canada.

    If you’re a member of the religious-right , you’d better forget Canada. Here religion and politics are totally separated. No God Bless Canada. And No God Saves the Queen ether. Most people, at least under 70, don’t care much about British Royalty either.

    Needless to say that a young left-of-center Democrat would react differently – not that he or she would fall in love with our values and want to move right away. After all, we have our very own cultural identities, celebrate different holidays and have different heroes (one might argue we also have fewer and venerate them less).

    If a tech worker and his family wanted to work in Montreal (in the Province of Quebec with its 80-percent French-speaking population with 50-percent of them dreaming of splitting from Canada), well, be ready for a real culture shock. No, this is not fake! People do speak French for real. And those outside of Montreal do not speak much English. I am saying this because I have heard many Americans saying out loud that Quebecers are just faking it. Believe me, they are not. Quebecers are also very proud of their culture and language, and expect immigrants to learn their language , support their values and culture (there was a very hot debate last year about what to do with immigrants who want to impose their religious beliefs at work and in schools).

    So while many tourists or students might enjoy a sojourn in La Belle Province, staying on as a working adult is a different matter. True, some working environments are mostly English but occasionally they are fined for it.

    But Canada’s mild socialism — inside and outside Quebec — also has its advantages. Government health care can be very attractive, not only for working families but for companies concerned with a large health care burden. This is one key reason why Toyota recently chose to build its plant in Woodstock, Ontario rather in the US (it already has one in Cambridge, Ontario).

    Canada also has a generous parental-leave program for pregnant women and even for fathers. We are not talking weeks here but months of well-paid leave. You can also put your child in state-subsidized daycare.

    Paternalism does not stop as you age. Once your child is almost an adult he or she will have to chance to attend a Quebec university for about $4000 a year, including elite schools like McGill University . Students from low-income families can very easily obtain student loans. Interest rates on those loans are low and will not negatively affect their credit record when the time comes to get a mortgage. Banks actually don’t even look at it even if you owe $50,000. Also, for families, municipalities run $20 a week summer camps . Generally those are safe and state-regulated. Of course, Canadians pay for those services through their income tax ; it’s really a question of whether the trade off is worth it. Generally speaking, the more affluent you are, or intend to become, the less the welfare state works for you.

    And let’s talk the worst thing about Canada: winter! That, we cannot do anything about it. It is snowy and cold across the country from December until March. Things are worst in Quebec. However, Minneapolis and Boston pretty much have the same kind of winter as Toronto. Vancouver is just a few hours drive north of Seattle so it frequently as gloomy, rainy and cool.

    So would this make talented Americans think twice about working in Canada? Would it be worth the try? Liberals would like it; many conservatives would become very antagonistic and frustrated. Basically, despite the similarities, you must become accustomed to big differences. As a country, Canada works very well, but for Canadians. For Americans with big ambitions, it’s really a matter of who you are — and who you want to be.

  • Remy Tremblay

  • The Decline of Chicago: The City that Doesn’t Work

    Recently, Crain’s Chicago Business reported on Chicago winning an award from Fast Company magazine. “Chicago stood out in our reporting for its creativity and vitality,” Editor and Managing Director Bob Safian said at a press conference here. “Chicago offers something distinctive.”

    Fast Company Magazine is representative of much of the media: not much on hard facts about Chicago. The Windy City has distinctions but not positive ones. Chicago’s retail sales tax is the highest in the nation at 10.25 percent. Unions, high taxes, and political corruption have made Chicago one of the leaders in big city decline.

    One of the great modern myths of big city America is that Chicago is some sort of successful town and a role model for others. By any traditional performance standards Chicago has failed. Like many old, big industrial cities, Chicago peaked in the 1950 Census with a population of 3,620,962. In the 1950s over two percent of the entire U.S. population lived within Chicago city limits. Over a half century later, while America’s population doubled, Chicago’s population declined. The 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census numbers showed Chicago losing population.

    Mayor Daley and Chicago residents were quite excited about the 2000 Census showing Chicago gaining over 112,000 people (a growth rate at half the national average for the 1990s). It appears the 1990s were an anomaly for Chicago. Since the year 2000, according to Census estimates, Chicago again continued its population decline with a loss of 63,000 from 2000 to 2006 leaving a total of 2,833,321.

    Recently, the Web site Real Clear Politics listed two Chicago area Congressional districts among the country’s ten fastest-shrinking districts, in terms of percentage of population lost between 2000 and 2005. Jan Schakowsky’s district lost 7.9 percent of its population. Congressman Rahm Emanuel’s district lost 5.1 percent.

    Though 2000 was a somewhat positive year, that year’s Census numbers mask some rather disturbing trends. The white flight out of Chicago continued with 150,000 non- Hispanic white people leaving Chicago from 1990 to 2,000. African-Americans, for the first time, began leaving Chicago with a net loss of 5,000. The population gain in Chicago during the 1990s was due to Hispanics.

    One of the great fables urban lovers of Chicago like to talk about is some comeback of the city. The comeback, according to this urban legend, involves white families staying in Chicago to raise their children. With Chicago’s 150,000 white population decline from 1990 to 2000: Chicago was only 31.3 percent non-Hispanic white.

    What is even more pronounced is the lack of white children in the public school system. The entire Chicago Public School System is only 9 percent white. Not a single public high school has a population that is majority white. Not one.

    Recently, the stubborn facts of Chicago’s population decline made news. As CBS TV Chicago reported in January of 2008:

    Half-empty schools are ‘unacceptable’ because they don’t serve their students or the communities they’re supposed to anchor, Mayor Richard M. Daley said Thursday, setting the stage for the biggest wave of school closings in decades.

    Officials contend 147 of 417 neighborhood elementary schools are from half to more than two-thirds empty because enrollment has declined by 41,000 students in the last seven years. A tentative CPS plan calls for up to 50 under-used schools to close, consolidate with other schools or phase out over the next five years.

    Most of the underused schools are on the South and West Sides, often where the student population is largely African-American, and in lakefront neighborhoods that include Lincoln Park, Lake View, Uptown and North Center.”

    The situation isn’t any better in Chicago’s Catholic School System. The Chicago Tribune reported on February 27, 2007:

    Nicholas Wolsonovich, superintendent of schools for the archdiocese, called the exodus from Chicago’s Catholic schools ‘mind-boggling.’ In 1964, he said, some 500 schools were spread across the diocese, with about 366,000 students. Now, the system has 257 schools and fewer than 100,000 students. Over the last decade statewide, the number of Catholic schools has dropped from 592 in 1997 to 510 this year, according to figures released at the conference.

    Chicago’s political elite love to give speeches about the importance of public education, but not for their children. Mayor Daley sent his children to private schools. Deborah Lynch, the former head of the Chicago Teacher’s Union, sent her kids to private schools. America’s newest political superstar, Barack Obama, sends his kids to private schools. With the exodus of the rich from Chicago’s public schools, 69 percent of the children in the Chicago Public School system are poor.

    The horrible public schools, high taxes, and crime have driven families out of Chicago. The city’s job base cannot compete with anti-union places like Houston and Phoenix.

    Chicago used to be the number one convention town in America but Las Vegas and Orlando now lead the pack. Chicago has lost its top spot as busiest airport to Atlanta. Chicago’s high priced unions and restrictive work rules have driven business elsewhere. For decades, Chicago was a major banking center with two major banking headquarters located on LaSalle Street. Continental Bank and First National Bank of Chicago were always among the top ten largest banks for much of the twentieth century.

    No longer. Continental was purchased by Bank of America while First National Bank of Chicago was purchased by JP Morgan. Not a single bank in the top 25 largest banks in America is headquartered in Chicago. While Chicago’s financial district declines Charlotte, North Carolina has emerged as a bigger banking town. Charlotte has the headquarters of two of the four largest banks in America: Wachovia and Bank of America.

    Other elements of Chicago’s financial district also show major weaknesses. Chicago doesn’t have one major mutual fund company headquarters. Chicago’s mutual fund job base is smaller than Denver, Indianapolis, or Baltimore. Chicago has a few major hedge funds but nothing like New York City or London. Chicago is the futures capital of America with the merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade but even here the news isn’t all positive. Computers have shed tens of thousands of jobs in the futures industry. Futures trading floors are headed for extinction within the next three to seven years, eliminating even more jobs.

    Chicago’s high tax life style has driven businesses and jobs to the suburbs. Chicago is one ofthe only towns in America with an employee head tax on employment. Companies with over 50 employees must pay $4 a month per employee to the city. Most of the major corporate headquarters in the Chicago area are located in Chicago’s suburbs. Motorola, Walgreens, All State, Kraft, Anixter, Illinois Tool Works, McDonald’s, Alberta-Culver, and Abbott Labs all have their corporate headquarters outside city limits.

    Recently, Chicago got its first Wal-Mart. In most places in America, politicians allow consumers to decide whether a business should fail or succeed. In Chicago, with the power of the unions, Chicago’s city council has made it difficult for Wal-Mart to open up any more stores. Chicago’s poor are relegated to paying higher retail prices and have less access to entry-level jobs. The adjacent suburb of Niles has the unusual distinction of being the only town in America (with less than 45,000 people) with two Wal-Marts. One of the Niles Wal-Marts is located right across the street from Chicago.

    The largest employer in the city of Chicago is the Federal government. Followed by the City of Chicago Public School system. Other major employers are the city of Chicago, the Chicago Transit Authority, the Cook County government, and the Chicago Park District. These thousands of government workers provide the backbone of the coalition for higher taxes, generous pensions and “political stability”.

    Chicago’s political system is inefficient and costly. There are no term limits in Chicago. The Democratic Party has controlled the Mayor’s office since 1931(a big city record). There’s no opposition: Democrat’s control 49 out of 50 seats on the city council. Corruption is everywhere. Barely a month can go by without a major scandal. The FBI has the largest public corruption squad in the United States located in Chicago . Chicago voters don’t seem to care. Those who care about high taxes, good public schools, and low crime are a small minority in Chicago.

    In conclusion, Chicago’s long decline continues. In the coming years, public pension commitments will test even the high tax tolerant Chicago residents. Look for low regulation, low tax Houston to overtake Chicago in population in the next eight to 15 years.

  • Steve Bartin

  • Michael Shires

  • All Cities Ranking

    2008 Overall Rank Area State Nonfarm Employment (1,000s) 2008 Size Group Rank Change Since 2007 Weighted Index
    1 Midland, TX Texas 66.8 S 16 98.5
    2 St. George, UT Utah 53.5 S -1 96.9
    3 Coeur d Alene, ID Idaho 57.5 S 13 96.4
    4 Odessa, TX Texas 60.9 S 49 95.6
    5 Auburn-Opelika, AL Alabama 55.9 S 23 94.7
    6 Wilmington, NC North Carolina 147.4 S 39 94.2
    7 Provo-Orem, UT Utah 193.6 M 22 93.7
    8 Raleigh-Cary, NC North Carolina 525.9 L 33 93.0
    9 Bend, OR Oregon 71.6 S 1 92.9
    10 Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, SC South Carolina 122.7 S 9 92.4
    11 Grand Junction, CO Colorado 63.9 S 19 92.1
    12 Greenville, NC North Carolina 78.7 S 173 91.6
    13 Longview, TX Texas 97.3 S 97 90.5
    14 Tacoma, WA Metropolitan Division Washington 286.4 M 36 88.1
    15 Savannah, GA Georgia 161.8 M 21 87.9
    16 Bowling Green, KY Kentucky 63.2 S 24 87.1
    17 Gainesville, GA Georgia 77.4 S 78 86.8
    18 Bellingham, WA Washington 86.4 S 19 86.2
    19 Austin-Round Rock, TX Texas 767.4 L 74 85.9
    20 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX Texas 213.5 M -15 85.7
    21 Morgantown, WV West Virginia 62.3 S -12 85.4
    22 Salt Lake City, UT Utah 648.9 L 35 84.4
    23 Kennewick-Pasco-Richland, WA Washington 93.1 S 47 83.8
    24 Warner Robins, GA Georgia 59.1 S 9 83.7
    25 Greeley, CO Colorado 83.2 S 39 83.3
    26 Prescott, AZ Arizona 65.4 S -23 82.8
    27 Olympia, WA Washington 103.0 S 19 82.5
    28 Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Texas 2,591.5 L 72 81.7
    29 Cheyenne, WY Wyoming 44.6 S 9 81.5
    30 Houma-Bayou Cane-Thibodaux, LA Louisiana 96.0 S 86 81.2
    31 Billings, MT Montana 80.8 S 13 81.0
    32 Huntsville, AL Alabama 212.7 M 47 81.0
    33 Yuma, AZ Arizona 55.9 S -31 80.2
    34 St. Joseph, MO-KS Missouri 59.4 S 97 79.9
    35 Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville, SC South Carolina 299.4 M 16 78.7
    36 Asheville, NC North Carolina 180.5 M 65 78.5
    37 Ogden-Clearfield, UT Utah 202.0 M 15 78.0
    38 Bakersfield, CA California 241.1 M 1 77.8
    39 Panama City-Lynn Haven, FL Florida 76.4 S 22 77.8
    40 Charlottesville, VA Virginia 102.7 S 16 77.7
    41 Charlotte- Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC North Carolina 867.9 L 86 77.6
    42 Lafayette, LA Louisiana 150.7 M 64 77.5
    43 Durham, NC North Carolina 291.5 M 115 77.5
    44 Boise City-Nampa, ID Idaho 276.3 M -12 75.8
    45 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL Florida 1,104.2 L -22 75.3
    46 Fargo, ND-MN North Dakota 119.9 S 50 75.2
    47 Springfield, MO Missouri 203.0 M 26 74.9
    48 San Antonio, TX Texas 840.0 L 78 74.3
    49 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Nevada 928.6 L -42 73.2
    50 Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Division Texas 875.4 L 94 73.0
    51 Sioux Falls, SD South Dakota 134.3 S 23 72.7
    52 Bismarck, ND North Dakota 60.1 S 16 72.3
    53 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO Colorado 137.9 S 88 71.9
    54 Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division Washington 1,470.1 L 48 71.6
    55 Spokane, WA Washington 219.6 M 28 71.2
    56 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Oregon 1,047.1 L 62 71.1
    57 Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division Texas 2,097.9 L 79 70.9
    58 Florence, SC South Carolina 91.3 S 82 70.8
    59 Laredo, TX Texas 87.2 S -48 70.8
    60 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA Louisiana 522.6 L 202 70.2
    61 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Arizona 1,917.1 L -47 70.2
    62 Fayetteville, NC North Carolina 129.5 S -3 70.1
    63 Ocala, FL Florida 106.1 S -36 69.9
    64 Pascagoula, MS Mississippi 59.0 S 47 69.9
    65 Hattiesburg, MS Mississippi 61.8 S 32 69.9
    66 Lynchburg, VA Virginia 110.1 S 64 69.9
    67 Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA Iowa 323.8 M 37 69.7
    68 Killeen-Temple-Fort Hood, TX Texas 123.0 S 31 69.7
    69 Kansas City, KS Kansas 449.1 M 149 69.4
    70 Pueblo, CO Colorado 59.0 S 103 69.0
    71 Baton Rouge, LA Louisiana 372.9 M -22 68.4
    72 Greenville-Mauldin-Easley, SC South Carolina 322.9 M 105 68.2
    73 Winchester, VA-WV Virginia 59.2 S -6 67.8
    74 Iowa City, IA Iowa 91.3 S 72 67.5
    75 Athens-Clarke County, GA Georgia 83.8 S 0 67.5
    76 Medford, OR Oregon 85.9 S -10 67.4
    77 Santa Fe, NM New Mexico 65.3 S 3 67.0
    78 Las Cruces, NM New Mexico 68.6 S -63 66.7
    79 Columbia, SC South Carolina 371.4 M 8 66.0
    80 Honolulu, HI Hawaii 459.1 L -38 65.6
    81 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO Arkansas 208.8 M -68 65.5
    82 Waco, TX Texas 110.3 S 26 65.4
    83 Peoria, IL Illinois 187.9 M 125 64.6
    84 Shreveport-Bossier City, LA Louisiana 180.7 M 6 64.0
    85 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Georgia 2,479.8 L 43 63.9
    86 St. Cloud, MN Minnesota 103.8 S 121 63.6
    87 Rochester-Dover, NH-ME NECTA New Hampshire 57.5 S 50 63.5
    88 Port St. Lucie, FL Florida 134.7 S -76 63.2
    89 York-Hanover, PA Pennsylvania 184.5 M 85 62.8
    90 Tuscaloosa, AL Alabama 98.5 S 69 61.7
    91 Joplin, MO Missouri 80.5 S 90 61.6
    92 Northern Virginia, VA Virginia 1,316.2 L -37 61.3
    93 Wichita, KS Kansas 306.1 M 150 60.8
    94 Salem, OR Oregon 151.8 M 25 60.5
    95 Tyler, TX Texas 94.0 S 40 60.5
    96 El Paso, TX Texas 275.4 M 65 60.1
    97 Nashville-Davidson- -Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Tennessee 767.9 L -12 60.0
    98 Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL Florida 175.2 M -44 59.4
    99 Fort Smith, AR-OK Arkansas 125.2 S 111 59.3
    100 Decatur, AL Alabama 59.4 S 208 59.0
    101 Grand Forks, ND-MN North Dakota 54.8 S -67 59.0
    102 Jacksonville, FL Florida 633.5 L -30 58.8
    103 Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway, AR Arkansas 348.2 M 29 58.7
    104 Reno-Sparks, NV Nevada 224.4 M -73 58.5
    105 Abilene, TX Texas 66.3 S -19 58.5
    106 Stockton, CA California 214.2 M -1 58.1
    107 Montgomery, AL Alabama 180.7 M 59 58.0
    108 Denver-Aurora, CO Colorado 1,247.4 L 90 57.7
    109 Valdosta, GA Georgia 56.5 S -46 57.3
    110 Dubuque, IA Iowa 55.6 S -89 57.3
    111 Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA California 97.3 S 182 57.0
    112 Dothan, AL Alabama 63.0 S 68 56.5
    113 Harrisonburg, VA Virginia 64.7 S 109 56.4
    114 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan
    Division    		 District of Columbia 2,427.1 L -37 56.2
    115 Bremerton-Silverdale, WA Washington 86.9 S -67 55.9
    116 Gulfport-Biloxi, MS Mississippi 111.2 S 217 55.9
    117 Columbia, MO Missouri 93.5 S -59 55.8
    118 Alexandria, LA Louisiana 65.6 S -53 55.7
    119 Amarillo, TX Texas 112.2 S -30 55.7
    120 Flagstaff, AZ Arizona 64.1 S -58 55.5
    121 Boulder, CO Colorado 167.4 M 129 55.4
    122 Portsmouth, NH-ME NECTA New Hampshire 55.8 S -41 55.2
    123 Glens Falls, NY New York 53.6 S 53 55.0
    124 Gainesville, FL Florida 136.1 S -12 54.9
    125 Dover, DE Delaware 65.8 S -103 54.8
    126 Winston-Salem, NC North Carolina 221.6 M 65 54.6
    127 Eau Claire, WI Wisconsin 83.6 S -2 54.3
    128 Corpus Christi, TX Texas 176.6 M 75 53.7
    129 Albuquerque, NM New Mexico 395.7 M -58 53.4
    130 New York City, NY New York 3,785.2 L 97 53.1
    131 Eugene-Springfield, OR Oregon 157.0 M -17 53.1
    132 Visalia-Porterville, CA California 113.6 S 19 53.0
    133 Indianapolis-Carmel, IN Indiana 920.7 L 106 52.8
    134 Brownsville-Harlingen, TX Texas 124.0 S -42 52.7
    135 Merced, CA California 59.3 S -26 52.5
    136 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA California 1,265.6 L -111 52.4
    137 Richmond, VA Virginia 635.7 L 11 52.4
    138 Clarksville, TN-KY Tennessee 85.5 S 49 52.0
    139 Tallahassee, FL Florida 180.7 M -36 51.8
    140 Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Kentucky 629.4 L 93 51.6
    141 Tulsa, OK Oklahoma 426.3 M 15 51.5
    142 Knoxville, TN Tennessee 338.8 M -44 51.2
    143 Burlington, NC North Carolina 61.7 S 76 50.9
    144 Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deerfield Beach, FL Metropolitan
    Division    		 Florida 792.3 L -124 50.8
    145 Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL Metropolitan Division Florida 1,071.3 L 15 50.7
    146 Yakima, WA Washington 79.4 S -22 50.6
    147 San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA California 104.9 S 6 50.5
    148 Salisbury, MD Maryland 56.0 S 1 50.4
    149 San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, CA Metropolitan Division California 997.7 L 123 50.3
    150 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX Texas 164.5 M 152 50.0
    151 Colorado Springs, CO Colorado 261.9 M 35 49.9
    152 Lexington-Fayette, KY Kentucky 257.9 M 32 49.7
    153 Cedar Rapids, IA Iowa 137.6 S 163 49.3
    154 State College, PA Pennsylvania 74.7 S 55 49.3
    155 Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma 571.2 L 16 49.2
    156 Lake Havasu City-Kingman, AZ Arizona 54.0 S -156 48.8
    157 Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL Florida 225.9 M -153 48.8
    158 Mobile, AL Alabama 183.4 M -6 48.8
    159 Fresno, CA California 305.4 M 31 48.4
    160 Tucson, AZ Arizona 382.8 M -117 47.7
    161 Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR Texas 56.8 S -44 47.6
    162 Rochester, MN Minnesota 107.3 S -28 47.5
    163 College Station-Bryan, TX Texas 91.5 S -43 47.1
    164 Rockford, IL Illinois 162.2 M 97 46.9
    165 Manchester, NH NECTA New Hampshire 102.2 S -43 46.8
    166 Missoula, MT Montana 56.7 S -90 46.7
    167 Ithaca, NY New York 64.2 S 96 46.7
    168 Jefferson City, MO Missouri 79.9 S 124 46.6
    169 Putnam-Rockland-Westchester, NY New York 583.4 L 44 46.5
    170 Lincoln, NE Nebraska 175.0 M 36 46.4
    171 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA Nebraska 466.7 L -6 46.4
    172 Janesville, WI Wisconsin 69.8 S 101 46.4
    173 Lake Charles, LA Louisiana 92.2 S 26 46.1
    174 Jackson, MS Mississippi 263.3 M -12 45.9
    175 Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH West Virginia 121.1 S -97 45.9
    176 Jackson, TN Tennessee 62.4 S -31 45.8
    177 Rapid City, SD South Dakota 59.6 S -54 45.7
    178 Framingham, MA NECTA Division Massachusetts 158.7 M 70 45.7
    179 Fort Walton Beach-Crestview-Destin, FL Florida 85.2 S -161 45.6
    180 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL Florida 214.5 M -154 45.5
    181 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA California 911.8 L 124 45.4
    182 Anniston-Oxford, AL Alabama 53.5 S -18 45.4
    183 Napa, CA California 62.9 S -20 45.3
    184 Anchorage, AK Alaska 165.1 M -100 45.1
    185 Chico, CA California 76.6 S -103 44.7
    186 Sacramento- -Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA California 905.6 L -95 44.3
    187 Calvert-Charles-Prince Georges, MD Maryland 398.9 M -30 44.1
    188 Deltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond Beach, FL Florida 172.2 M -164 43.8
    189 Parkersburg- Marietta-Vienna, WV-OH West Virginia 74.9 S 120 43.6
    190 Elkhart-Goshen, IN Indiana 128.7 S -61 43.5
    191 Greensboro-High Point, NC North Carolina 375.3 M 113 43.5
    192 Wichita Falls, TX Texas 63.2 S 28 43.2
    193 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia 775.1 L -50 43.2
    194 Kansas City, MO Missouri 569.5 L 23 43.0
    195 Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division Massachusetts 1,715.1 L 95 42.4
    196 Memphis, TN-MS-AR Tennessee 648.1 L 19 42.3
    197 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, CA California 174.1 M -5 42.1
    198 Duluth, MN-WI Minnesota 134.1 S 30 42.1
    199 Columbus, OH Ohio 951.2 L 55 41.9
    200 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT NECTA Connecticut 561.4 L 32 41.9
    201 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach, FL Metropolitan
    Division    		 Florida 586.6 L -166 41.8
    202 Nassau-Suffolk, NY Metropolitan Division New York 1,277.3 L 43 41.7
    203 Redding, CA California 65.9 S 33 41.5
    204 Lancaster, PA Pennsylvania 238.9 M -25 41.5
    205 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Florida 1,297.9 L -145 41.5
    206 Birmingham-Hoover, AL Alabama 533.4 L -6 41.4
    207 Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA Iowa 90.5 S -40 41.3
    208 Trenton-Ewing, NJ New Jersey 239.5 M -120 41.2
    209 Chattanooga, TN-GA Tennessee 248.6 M -16 41.1
    210 Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division New Hampshire 134.4 S -56 40.6
    211 Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA California 191.4 M 104 40.2
    212 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ Pennsylvania 343.9 M -70 40.1
    213 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT NECTA Connecticut 424.1 M 67 39.9
    214 Decatur, IL Illinois 55.6 S 82 39.9
    215 Naples-Marco Island, FL Florida 130.3 S -209 39.9
    216 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC Georgia 217.7 M -61 39.8
    217 Johnson City, TN Tennessee 82.1 S -170 39.8
    218 Akron, OH Ohio 340.4 M -35 39.7
    219 Salinas, CA California 129.6 S 6 39.5
    220 Johnstown, PA Pennsylvania 61.9 S 58 38.9
    221 Bloomington, IN Indiana 84.5 S -46 38.8
    222 Camden, NJ Metropolitan Division New Jersey 544.7 L -101 38.7
    223 Wilmington, DE-MD-NJ Metropolitan Division Delaware 356.9 M -35 38.7
    224 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA California 1,310.2 L -86 38.3
    225 Rocky Mount, NC North Carolina 65.1 S 10 38.0
    226 Edison-New Brunswick, NJ Metropolitan Division New Jersey 1,037.9 L -54 37.7
    227 Portland-South Portland-Biddeford, ME NECTA Maine 195.6 M 13 37.6
    228 Madison, WI Wisconsin 349.3 M -113 37.6
    229 Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, FL Florida 293.7 M -221 36.9
    230 Danbury, CT NECTA Connecticut 70.7 S 7 36.8
    231 Appleton, WI Wisconsin 118.8 S 36 36.8
    232 Lake County-Kenosha County, IL-WI Metropolitan Division Illinois 397.1 M -82 36.5
    233 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL Illinois 188.5 M 33 36.5
    234 La Crosse, WI-MN Wisconsin 74.8 S 79 36.4
    235 Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville, FL Florida 212.3 M -166 36.4
    236 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minnesota 1,801.3 L -68 36.0
    237 Bloomington-Normal, IL Illinois 91.9 S 81 36.0
    238 Altoona, PA Pennsylvania 62.8 S -12 35.9
    239 Gary, IN Metropolitan Division Indiana 281.9 M 20 35.8
    240 Reading, PA Pennsylvania 174.3 M 11 35.7
    241 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL Metropolitan Division Illinois 3,878.5 L 12 35.6
    242 Lubbock, TX Texas 129.2 S -18 35.6
    243 Binghamton, NY New York 115.6 S 74 35.2
    244 Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA Pennsylvania 331.4 M -75 34.8
    245 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Ohio 1,045.9 L -50 34.7
    246 Modesto, CA California 158.9 M -99 34.3
    247 Bethesda-Frederick-Gaithersburg, MD Metropolitan Division Maryland 578.0 L -134 33.8
    248 Erie, PA Pennsylvania 134.0 S 55 33.8
    249 Green Bay, WI Wisconsin 169.4 M -60 33.4
    250 Syracuse, NY New York 325.6 M -27 33.3
    251 Brockton-Bridgewater-Easton, MA NECTA Division Massachusetts 90.6 S 48 33.1
    252 Scranton–Wilkes-Barre, PA Pennsylvania 262.8 M -40 32.9
    253 Sioux City, IA-NE-SD Iowa 74.2 S -6 32.5
    254 Norwich-New London, CT-RI NECTA Connecticut 136.5 S -10 32.5
    255 Haverhill-North Andover-Amesbury, MA-NH NECTA Division Massachusetts 78.2 S -24 32.4
    256 Spartanburg, SC South Carolina 126.4 S 70 31.8
    257 St. Louis, MO-IL Missouri 1,356.5 L -8 31.5
    258 Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV Maryland 102.3 S -76 31.4
    259 Oshkosh-Neenah, WI Wisconsin 93.2 S -29 31.3
    260 Pittsburgh, PA Pennsylvania 1,146.8 L 0 31.2
    261 New Haven, CT NECTA Connecticut 278.9 M 25 31.0
    262 Topeka, KS Kansas 110.3 S 61 30.5
    263 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Wisconsin 854.4 L 13 30.5
    264 Niles-Benton Harbor, MI Michigan 65.4 S 33 30.1
    265 Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA Metropolitan Division California 1,502.3 L -126 29.8
    266 Wausau, WI Wisconsin 72.8 S -52 29.5
    267 Champaign-Urbana, IL Illinois 113.2 S 15 29.5
    268 Utica-Rome, NY New York 133.4 S 15 29.3
    269 Roanoke, VA Virginia 163.5 M -17 29.0
    270 Bangor, ME NECTA Maine 66.7 S -54 29.0
    271 Burlington-South Burlington, VT NECTA Vermont 114.5 S -7 29.0
    272 Sheboygan, WI Wisconsin 63.7 S 5 28.9
    273 Anderson, SC South Carolina 64.1 S 58 28.8
    274 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division California 4,114.0 L -32 28.7
    275 Lowell-Billerica-Chelmsford, MA-NH NECTA Division Massachusetts 119.3 S 6 28.7
    276 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY New York 449.0 M -21 28.6
    277 Worcester, MA-CT NECTA Massachusetts 248.6 M 2 28.6
    278 Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY New York 255.3 M -108 28.3
    279 Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division New Jersey 1,038.7 L 21 28.0
    280 Charleston, WV West Virginia 149.7 S -75 27.7
    281 Springfield, IL Illinois 111.8 S 3 27.5
    282 Bergen-Hudson-Passaic, NJ New Jersey 914.2 L 28 27.3
    283 Evansville, IN-KY Indiana 180.0 M -37 27.1
    284 Albany, GA Georgia 64.6 S -63 27.1
    285 Oakland-Fremont-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Division California 1,048.4 L -89 27.0
    286 Kingston, NY New York 64.6 S -52 26.8
    287 Lafayette, IN Indiana 95.3 S -29 26.8
    288 Waterbury, CT NECTA Connecticut 69.1 S 19 26.7
    289 Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA Tennessee 122.0 S -19 26.5
    290 Columbus, GA-AL Georgia 122.0 S -79 26.4
    291 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY New York 550.1 L 3 26.2
    292 South Bend-Mishawaka, IN-MI Indiana 145.7 S -35 25.7
    293 Rochester, NY New York 516.4 L 27 25.2
    294 Kalamazoo-Portage, MI Michigan 147.1 S 4 24.9
    295 Fort Wayne, IN Indiana 216.7 M -91 24.7
    296 Williamsport, PA Pennsylvania 53.6 S -21 24.7
    297 Barnstable Town, MA NECTA Massachusetts 95.0 S -41 24.5
    298 Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI Michigan 395.1 M -27 24.4
    299 Vallejo-Fairfield, CA California 126.2 S -205 24.3
    300 Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA California 293.4 M -167 24.0
    301 Macon, GA Georgia 100.8 S -33 23.8
    302 Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton, NJ New Jersey 61.9 S -105 23.6
    303 Springfield, MA-CT NECTA Massachusetts 297.8 M -14 23.1
    304 Racine, WI Wisconsin 79.8 S -103 22.6
    305 Wheeling, WV-OH West Virginia 67.8 S -111 22.6
    306 Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA Virginia 70.5 S -128 22.6
    307 New Bedford, MA NECTA Massachusetts 66.4 S -22 22.1
    308 Philadelphia City, PA Pennsylvania 664.3 L -7 22.0
    309 Muskegon-Norton Shores, MI Michigan 65.1 S -40 21.3
    310 Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC North Carolina 164.1 M 17 20.7
    311 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA NECTA Rhode Island 579.7 L -70 20.7
    312 Dalton, GA Georgia 78.0 S -110 20.7
    313 Monroe, LA Louisiana 79.1 S -48 20.3
    314 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Ohio 1,066.6 L -3 19.9
    315 Peabody, MA NECTA Division Massachusetts 101.6 S -28 19.8
    316 Lansing-East Lansing, MI Michigan 226.7 M 3 19.8
    317 Canton-Massillon, OH Ohio 172.6 M -11 19.7
    318 Atlantic City-Hammonton, NJ New Jersey 148.2 S -211 19.0
    319 Baltimore City, MD Maryland 370.6 M -81 17.4
    320 Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division Michigan 1,171.8 L 2 16.6
    321 Holland-Grand Haven, MI Michigan 113.1 S -92 16.3
    322 Toledo, OH Ohio 327.1 M -31 15.9
    323 Muncie, IN Indiana 54.3 S 11 15.8
    324 Terre Haute, IN Indiana 74.0 S -3 15.3
    325 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Ohio 239.8 M -30 14.5
    326 Jackson, MI Michigan 57.6 S 3 14.3
    327 Lima, OH Ohio 55.6 S -53 13.6
    328 Ann Arbor, MI Michigan 200.4 M -16 13.6
    329 Springfield, OH Ohio 51.9 S -41 9.5
    330 Mansfield, OH Ohio 56.9 S 0 9.0
    331 Dayton, OH Ohio 403.5 M -6 8.0
    332 Flint, MI Michigan 147.4 S 0 6.7
    333 Saginaw-Saginaw Township North, MI Michigan 88.7 S -5 3.6
    334 Battle Creek, MI Michigan 58.3 S -20 3.3
    335 Detroit-Livonia-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Division Michigan 777.9 L -11 2.2

  • Large Cities Ranking

    2008 Overall Rank Area State Nonfarm Employment (1,000s) 2008 Size Group Rank Change Since 2007 Weighted Index
    1 Raleigh-Cary, NC North Carolina 525.9 L 6 93.0
    2 Austin-Round Rock, TX Texas 767.4 L 14 85.9
    3 Salt Lake City, UT Utah 648.9 L 7 84.4
    4 Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Texas 2,591.5 L 13 81.7
    5 Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC North Carolina 867.9 L 18 77.6
    6 Orlando-Kissimmee, FL Florida 1,104.2 L -2 75.3
    7 San Antonio, TX Texas 840.0 L 15 74.3
    8 Las Vegas-Paradise, NV Nevada 928.6 L -7 73.2
    9 Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metropolitan Division Texas 875.4 L 20 73.0
    10 Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division Washington 1,470.1 L 8 71.6
    11 Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA Oregon 1,047.1 L 9 71.1
    12 Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division Texas 2,097.9 L 13 70.9
    13 New Orleans-Metairie-Kenner, LA Louisiana 522.6 L 53 70.2
    14 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Arizona 1,917.1 L -12 70.2
    15 Honolulu, HI Hawaii 459.1 L -7 65.6
    16 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Georgia 2,479.8 L 8 63.9
    17 Northern Virginia, VA Virginia 1,316.2 L -8 61.3
    18 Nashville-Davidson- -Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Tennessee 767.9 L -4 60.0
    19 Jacksonville, FL Florida 633.5 L -7 58.8
    20 Denver-Aurora, CO Colorado 1,247.4 L 18 57.7
    21 Washington -Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan
    Division    		 District of Columbia 2,427.1 L -8 56.2
    22 New York City, NY New York 3,785.2 L 21 53.1
    23 Indianapolis-Carmel, IN Indiana 920.7 L 23 52.8
    24 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA California 1,265.6 L -19 52.4
    25 Richmond, VA Virginia 635.7 L 5 52.4
    26 Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Kentucky 629.4 L 19 51.6
    27 Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deerfield Beach, FL Metropolitan
    Division    		 Florida 792.3 L -24 50.8
    28 Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL Metropolitan Division Florida 1,071.3 L 3 50.7
    29 San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, CA Metropolitan Division California 997.7 L 25 50.3
    30 Oklahoma City, OK Oklahoma 571.2 L Was Med 49.2
    31 Putnam-Rockland-Westchester, NY New York 583.4 L 9 46.5
    32 Omaha-Council Bluffs, NE-IA Nebraska 466.7 L 0 46.4
    33 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA California 911.8 L 27 45.4
    34 Sacramento- -Arden-Arcade–Roseville, CA California 905.6 L -19 44.3
    35 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Virginia 775.1 L -7 43.2
    36 Kansas City, MO Missouri 569.5 L 6 43.0
    37 Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA NECTA Division Massachusetts 1,715.1 L 19 42.4
    38 Memphis, TN-MS-AR Tennessee 648.1 L 3 42.3
    39 Columbus, OH Ohio 951.2 L 13 41.9
    40 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT NECTA Connecticut 561.4 L 4 41.9
    41 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach, FL Metropolitan
    Division    		 Florida 586.6 L -35 41.8
    42 Nassau-Suffolk, NY Metropolitan Division New York 1,277.3 L 7 41.7
    43 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Florida 1,297.9 L -32 41.5
    44 Birmingham-Hoover, AL Alabama 533.4 L Was Med 41.4
    45 Camden, NJ Metropolitan Division New Jersey 544.7 L -24 38.7
    46 San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA California 1,310.2 L -20 38.3
    47 Edison-New Brunswick, NJ Metropolitan Division New Jersey 1,037.9 L -12 37.7
    48 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Minnesota 1,801.3 L -15 36.0
    49 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL Metropolitan Division Illinois 3,878.5 L 2 35.6
    50 Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Ohio 1,045.9 L -14 34.7
    51 Bethesda-Frederick-Gaithersburg, MD Metropolitan Division Maryland 578.0 L -32 33.8
    52 St. Louis, MO-IL Missouri 1,356.5 L -2 31.5
    53 Pittsburgh, PA Pennsylvania 1,146.8 L 0 31.2
    54 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI Wisconsin 854.4 L 1 30.5
    55 Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA Metropolitan Division California 1,502.3 L -28 29.8
    56 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division California 4,114.0 L -8 28.7
    57 Newark-Union, NJ-PA Metropolitan Division New Jersey 1,038.7 L 1 28.0
    58 Bergen-Hudson-Passaic, NJ New Jersey 914.2 L 3 27.3
    59 Oakland-Fremont-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Division California 1,048.4 L -22 27.0
    60 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY New York 550.1 L -3 26.2
    61 Rochester, NY New York 516.4 L 2 25.2
    62 Philadelphia City, PA Pennsylvania 664.3 L -3 22.0
    63 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA NECTA Rhode Island 579.7 L -16 20.7
    64 Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH Ohio 1,066.6 L -2 19.9
    65 Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division Michigan 1,171.8 L -1 16.6
    66 Detroit-Livonia-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Division Michigan 777.9 L -1 2.2