New Geography

Tag: housing market

  • HOPE for Only One Homeowner with a $300 billion Price Tag

    The Housing & Economic Recovery Act of 2008 was passed last August. It created the HOPE for Homeowners Program, which the Congressional Budget Office estimated would help 400,000 homeowners to refinance their loans and stay in their homes. Here’s a stunning revelation: According to the Federal Housing Authority (FHA), in the first six months since the law was passed, exactly one (1) homeowner refinanced under the program!

    You can listen to the story on NPR, “Investors Support Overhauling Homeowner Program“. One such investor, PIMCO, supports programs that would reduce the principal balance on mortgages by a small amount in order to keep the cash flow coming from mortgage payments. Given what we know about investment strategies to push companies into bankruptcy in order to benefit from credit default swap payouts, I was initially leery of such statements coming from bond investors. Then I remembered the problem with the paperwork on the mortgages – if bondholders can’t prove ownership of the lien the homeowner keeps the house with no further payments. That’s when it started to make sense.

    Of course, if they can get the homeowners to come in for a re-fi they can correct the paperwork mistakes. It could be worth it to investors without default protection to accept principal reductions – if the homeowner goes into bankruptcy they may not be able to prove they own the mortgage without the new paperwork. With the re-fi, they get all new documentation.

    These programs were designed for homeowners who are current on their mortgage payments but whose homes are “underwater”, that is, the principal balance on the mortgage is more than the market value of the house. Some can keep up their payments with the hope that the market price of the home adjusts in the distant future; others might benefit by the modest reductions in principal favored by some bond investors. But in a situation described by a Stockton (CA) homeowner the principal reduction is unlikely to be enough – the home is worth $220,000 and the mortgage balance is $420,000. These homeowners’ best financial strategy is to take the hit to their credit report and default on the mortgage. Investors like PIMCO might, if their paperwork is good, get half their investment back by taking possession of the property; they’ll get it all back if they bought the credit default swap; and they get nothing if the paperwork is screwed up.

    How many mortgages are underwater? Bank of America’s annual report says that 23 percent of their residential mortgage portfolio has current loan-to-market value ratios greater than 90 percent. When they include home equity loans in the calculation, totaling lending on a residential property, the share with less than 10 percent equity rises to 37 percent. At the end of 2008, Bank of America held $248 billion in residential mortgages and $152 billion in home equity loans, after taking write-offs of about $4.4 billion last year. On the other hand, Wells Fargo did not specifically report the share of their portfolio with loan-to-market value ratios greater than 90 percent. It’s hard to tell just how many mortgages are how far underwater at an aggregate level. I would imagine that these numbers are being checked in the Treasury’s stress testing of individual banks.

    In any event, Congress is not giving up (although we almost wish they would before this gets any worse). The House Committee on Financial Services combined with the House Judiciary Committee has introduced a new bill to improve the old bill’s version of Hope for Homeowners. Trying to take it a step further, the House Financial Services Committee is holding hearings on a Mortgage Reform Bill next week. The plan is to set lending standards for all mortgage originators. Chairman Barney Frank (D-MA) is of the view that the “great economic hole” we are in was started by“ policymakers’ distrust of regulation in general, their enduring belief that markets and financial institutions could effectively police themselves.”

    With this we do agree: self-regulation in financial services is a root cause of our current economic disaster. Until it is completely removed – not just from mortgage lending but from all financial products and services – nothing Congress does will prevent another crisis.

  • Housing Price Shifts Vary by US Region

    Here’s a look at the monthly Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight monthly housing price index by US Census Region. The OFHEO index gives us a little different geographic cut than the popular S&P Case-Shiller Housing Index. We can see the extreme fluctuations in the western US, especially in the Pacific states. These are seasonally adjusted numbers current as of October 2008. The black line, depicting the national composite, finishes at 204 – indicating a doubling of housing prices since 1991, but a fall of 8.8% since its peak in April 2007.

    The 8.8% national decline is interesting considering the larger declines depicted by the metropolitan focused Case-shiller index.

    Judging by these numbers, the housing prices in the 8 states of the West South Central and East South Central Regions appear to be most stable. The Great Plains states fare remarkably well, and the east coast states are falling in line with the national average. Interestingly, end-to-end growth in the Pacific region ends up about the same as the stable south, yet it took a much more turbulent path to reach that point.

    According to OFHEO, the data “is obtained by reviewing repeat mortgage transactions on single-family properties whose mortgages have been purchased or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac since January 1975.” Here’s more on the OFHEO housing price index methodology.

  • European Housing Woes

    While the decline in housing prices in America has been making news for some time now, less attention has been paid on this side of the Atlantic to the downturn in European housing. The housing market in Europe, much like that of the United States, “soared during the first half of this decade, rising far beyond the levels that you’d expect, based on traditional economic factors.”

    The fallout from the bubble is beginning to look the same, if not worse. According to Newsweek, over the first six months of 2008, housing prices in several European nations, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, and Norway, have fallen “at a faster rate than is occurring in the United States.” According to one analyst interviewed by Newsweek, the European downturn is still in an “early stage”.

    Eastern Europe is also seeing major fallout from deflation of the real estate bubble. According to Reuters, nations such as Bulgaria, Romania, and the Baltic republics of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania, have seen property prices plummet as easy access to credit has dried up. A Bulgarian property agent interviewed by Reuters reported that “No-one is buying. Everything has frozen”. The credit crunch has led to fears of “a wave of bank and currency crises,” which might necessitate IMF bailouts of several Eastern European nations. In the past two weeks Hungary and Ukraine have been bailed out, with the IMF providing loans “totaling $32 billion, in exchange for belt-tightening.”

    A recent report on European housing by Stratfor argues that the housing bubble faced by Europe was larger than that seen in the United States, and in correcting could lead to a “long-term deflationary spiral”. The report points out that in addition to facing overheated housing markets, Europe, over the long-term, faces a “poor demographic situation,” with a birth rate well below replacement level. According to Stratfor, this situation “will dampen the demand for housing in the long term and possibly create a deflationary spiral in the housing market”.

    Not all analysts are so gloomy, with some arguing that “the practice of giving mortgages to less credit-worthy buyers,” never reached the same levels in Europe, and that while prices did boom, there is not a “vast glut of never-lived-in houses sitting vacant on the market,” which should help to mitigate the situation. Regardless of the severity, it appears clear that Europe is set to face a continued period of real estate value contraction.

  • Latest Case-Shiller Housing Price Index

    S&P released the July Case-Shiller Index today. Check out our line chart to follow the trend in each market.

    Click the graph for a larger version. Many of the most inflated markets are still in free-fall mode, but the 20 metropolitan area composite seems to be starting to level off. Markets such as Charlotte, Denver, Atlanta, and Dallas – areas with the most moderate increases during the height of the bubble – seem to be in the best shape.

    Minneapolis seems to be rebounding slightly after a sharp decline in the last year, but Detroit has fallen below its mark in 2000. How far can prices fall? Check out Wendell’s take on realistic housing prices. Here’s a big version of the chart.

  • Chicago Condo Market Inertia

    New home sales went down by a whopping 73 percent in the Windy City during the first six months of this year. But developers, anticipating high demand – especially for the condo market – have committed to keep building them. From the article in Crain’s Chicago:

    “Developers are building at a record pace, with 9,528 units scheduled to be finished by the end of next year, Appraisal Research says. Nearly 33% of those remain unsold, a high percentage but slightly better than the first quarter’s 35%.”